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Cichlasoma urophthalmus
The Mayan cichlid (''Cichlasoma urophthalmus'') is a member of the Cichlidae family of fish. It is also known as the ''mojarra castarrica'' in its native Mexico. It has interesting colors, with its eight black bands (starting just behind the eye) and its large ocellus (eyespot) on the caudal peduncle (base of the tail), which gives it its scientific name. It has a base color of brown to red that becomes more intense during breeding. As in many animals, the red color is much more brilliant in wild specimens than captive ones, but one can help maintain some of its vibrance by feeding the fish live foods and foods that contain Vitamin A, which breaks down into the red pigment beta-carotene in the body. Previously, this species was a member of the genus ''Cichlasoma'' and the subgeneric section ''Nandopsis''. However, the genus ''Cichlasoma'' is in revision and has been restricted to the 12 species of South American cichlids related to ''Cichlasoma bimaculatum''. Thus, many of the approximately 100 species that were formerly members of ''Cichlasoma'' have yet to be formally assigned to a new genus, and are conventionally referred to as "''Cichlasoma''" for the time being, with the subgeneric section tentatively intended as the new genus. Thus, the Mayan cichlid is identified here as both ''Cichlasoma uropthalmus'' and ''Cichlasoma'' (''Nandopsis'') ''urophthalmus'' in accord with the convention for taxonomically undetermined cichlids (Kullander 1983, Stiassny 1991).
==Range and habitat==
The Mayan cichlid reaches a maximum standard length of 280 mm (Conkel 1997). It is native to the Atlantic slope of tropical Mesoamerica (Central America), ranging from eastern Mexico southward to Nicaragua (Miller 1966). It was first recorded from Everglades National Park, Florida in 1983 (Loftus 1987), and is now a common nonindigenous fish in southern Florida (Bergmann and Motta 2004, 2005). Eight subspecies of ''Cichlasoma urophthalmus'' are recognized throughout Central America (Caso Chavez ''et al.'' 1986): ''aguadae, trocheli, cienagae, ercymba, amarum, zebra, conchitae, and mayorum''.
In its native range, the Mayan cichlid is a popular food fish. For this reason it is the basis of a regional fishery, is commonly used in aquaculture, and is among the most-studied of the Neotropical cichlids (Martinez-Palacios ''et al.'' 1993). To date, the Mayan cichlid has been most intensively studied at localites in southeastern Mexico on or near the Yucatan Peninsula (Caso Chavez ''et al.'' 1986; Martinez-Palacios and Ross 1986, 1988, 1992; Flores Nava ''et al.'' 1989; Martinez-Palacios ''et al.'' 1990, 1993, 1996; Salgado-Maldonado and Kennedy 1997; Vidal-Martinez ''et al.'' 1994; and Gamboa-Perez and Schmitter-Soto 1999). The Mayan cichlid inhabits lakes, rivers, rocky shorelines, lagoons, esturaries, coastal islands, red mangrove ''Rhizophora mangle'' swamps, and turtle grass ''Thalassia testudinum'' flats off the mainland. It can be found in oxygen-rich areas near submerged vegetation and over muddy substrates. However, despite its preference for waters with dissolved oxygen content of at least 3.5 mg/L, it is capable of surviving in extreme hypoxia. This is because it is an oxygen conformer, becoming much less active in hypoxic water, and even surviving virtual anoxia for up to two hours (Martinez-Palacios and Ross 1986, Gamboa-Perez and Schmitter-Soto 1999).
The Mayan cichlid is philopatric, or site tenacious, i.e. - individuals are non-migratory and prefer to stay within a home range (Caso Chavez ''et al.'' 1986, Salgado-Maldonado and Kennedy 1997, Faunce and Lorenz 2000). The Mayan cichlid has a minimum temperature requirement of about 14 degrees Celsius (Stauffer and Boltz 1994). In its native range, it inhabits waters with temperatures from 18 - 34 degrees Celsius, but its optimal temperature range is 28 - 33 degrees Celsius (Caso Chavez ''et al.'' 1986, Martinez-Palacios ''et al.'' 1996). The Mayan cichlid is capable of surviving in a variety of conditions. It is euryhaline and can survive in a range of salinity from 0 - 40 ppt (Martinez-Palacios and Ross 1992, Martinez-Palacios ''et al.'' 1993). Experiments on captive specimens have shown that it can tolerate abrupt increases in salinity of up to 15 ppt (Martinez-Palacios ''et al.'' 1990). The Mayan cichlid has a broad range of tolerance to abiotic conditions and a broad functional repertoire to enable it to feed on about 20% of evasive prey due to its 6.8% jaw protrusion while feeding (Hulsey and García de León 2005). This species is also a dietary generalist, consuming organisms from a variety of disparate taxa (Caso Chavez ''et al.'' 1986, Martinez-Palacios and Ross 1988). However, it is susceptible to malnourishment, apparently due to the requirement that a relatively large proportion of its diet be animal prey (Flores Nava ''et al.'' 1989, Martinez-Palacios ''et al.'' 1993).
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